In 2004, I visited all 25 countries in Eastern Europe. You'll find the blog entries from that trip here. In 2008-2011, I returned to see what had changed since that time. With these two visits, five years apart, I accumulated enough material for my 750-page book, The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us.
This blog now has many excerpts from The Hidden Europe. But who the hell reads anymore? Just look at the best photos from Eastern Europe!
This map reflects how I define Eastern Europe. Eastern Europeans love to deny that they're in Eastern Europe. I tackle how and why I define Eastern Europe the way I do in the Introduction of The Hidden Europe.
I have a confession to make.
I completely tuned out during the entire Yugoslavian crisis in the late 1990s. I had no idea what was going on. All I heard was "...Bosnians, Serbs, Kosovo, ethnic cleansing, Hercegovina, Slobodan Milosevich, blah blah blah..."
It was just way to complicated for my little brain.
I like following wars when it's easy to identify who are the bad guys and who are the good guys.
NAZIS = BAD GUYS
ALLIES = GOOD GUYS
RUSSIANS = EVIL EMPIRE
AMERICA = GOOD EMPIRE
SADDAM HUSSEIN = BAD GUY
GEORGE BUSH = WELL, MAYBE SOMETIMES IT'S NOT THAT BLACK AND WHITE
But with Yugoslavia it just seemed way too convoluted. So I just ignored it. I know that's irresponsible. I am a bad person. I ought to be cleansed.
But something tells me I wasn't the only American who was oblivious of the details. So here's...
It took me a while and I had to talk to hundreds of people, but I can finally sum up the two root causes to the problem:
1) Intolerance of differences, especially religious differences
2) Inability to forget the past and move on
Many folks in the former Yugoslavia just hate those who are different from them. What's bizarre is that the differences are relatively minor. After all, they speak the same language and look the same. The only real difference is their religion.
So there's your simple summary. If you want an explanation that's above 3rd grade level, read this next section.
First, let's start with a map of the area, because it's easy to get lost in this conflict:
To understand why people bonk each other's heads, it's important to understand their history. My conclusion: all the Yugoslavian problems in the 1990s are the fault of the Romans.
Imperialists like using that term, "Greater..."
With Tito's death in 1985 and the collapse of Soviet Union, Yugoslavia had a civil war in the 1990s.
So far it looks like the Serbs are the bad guys. But I wanted to go to Serbia and hear what they have to say.
It didn't take long to get a mouthful from the Serbs. I got into my overnight train to Belgrade when a guy came in. He asked me when where I was from. I meekly said, "The United States."
"I am from Novi Sad," he said, "and you guys destroyed the three main bridges in my city."
Well that's a great way to start a relationship, I thought.
"Why did we do that?" I asked.
"I don't know. You didn't bomb Belgrade's bridges. But you did bomb the Chinese Embassy."
Yeah, but they had it comin'.... OK, I didn't say that.
He said that aside from the Chinese Embassy, we only struck military targets in Belgrade. I still felt a little bad about bombing Belgrade, at least until I found out that it has been destroyed and rebuilt 40 times in its 2,300 year history.
What's one more sacking between friends?
Many Serbs just don't understand why NATO bombed them. They had a similar reaction that Americans had on Sept 11. They thought, "Hey, what the hell did we do wrong?"
They view their conflict as a civil war. Yugoslavia was breaking apart like the USA during its civil war. The Serbs were simply fighting to preserve the union.
Of course, they wanted to preserve the union because they were dominant. Meanwhile, the rest wanted out, because they were tired of all the tax revenue and centralized decisions were being made by the Serbs in Belgrade.
"I wish Yugoslavia could be like America," he told me. "In America, everybody feels like they're an American, regardless of their race, religion, or language. In Yugoslavia, nobody identifies that strongly with Yugoslavia. They feel they are Croatians first, and Yugoslavian second, for example. Or Bosnians first, and Yugoslavians second."
I was eating a vegetarian restaurant and saw a pregnant woman eating by herself, so I joined her to get her thoughts. She said:
To get more on the Serb perspective, I went to their war museum. Yup, these Serbs are warriors. Just one fight after another. They have a saying in Serbia:
"Koce kome ako ne syoj svome" which means, "Who else am I going to help but my own family."
But they have a twist of the phrase and frequently say, "Who else am I going to assault but my own family."
The most interesting part of the War Museum was the special room devoted to their war in the late 1990s. The exhibit just starts off with a ton of arrows pointed toward Serbia. Planes and stealth fighters are all descending onto poor little Serbia. They show the number of troops and weaponry in NATO vs. those in Serbia to show the ridiculous advantage of NATO. It gives the impression that the first thing that happened was NATO attacked Serbia.
Nothing is mentioned about how they attacked their neighbors. The word Albanian, Kosovo, or Bosnia does not appear anywhere. They make it seem that NATO just attacked them for no good reason. This is what many Serbs believe today.
They show off a piece of the one stealth fighter they shot down, other US equipment they got, and pictures of innocent Serbs killed in the cross fire. They say that NATO used weapons that are prohibited according to international law.
When I press them about the atrocities in Kosovo, they might say, "But those were other Serbs doing that." Or they say, "Yeah, but the Albania and Croats were terrible too."
OK, they might have a point. And maybe the US military descend on Florida if the Latin Americans living there decided to become an independent state. Or if the folks in Florida use those damn punch cards again.
After the war hyperinflation in Serbia hit an record high in the history of Europe! Wow!
So how bad did it get? Two examples:
1) The guy on the train told me that when collected his father's pension, he had to run to the market to use it to buy 25 eggs. If he waited until the next morning, he could only buy ONE egg with the same money.
2) At one point, it was cheaper to use banknotes to paper walls than to buy wallpaper.
I asked Hungarians, Croatians, and a bunch of other people what they think of Serbians. They say they're "aggressive, arrogant, and dominant." A Slovenian said, "They like giving orders and commanding, but they don't like to work hard like us."
At the same time the Serbian on the street were all nice to me, which is pretty amazing considering I come from the country that dropped bombs on them just 5 years ago.
It's not a bad city, but it's not amazing. It has two long pedestrian only streets. A castle district. Some nice buildings. And an endless supply of chain smokers.
As soon as I arrived in Belgrade, Serbia's capital, I was impressed by the level of grumpy looks on people's faces. I hadn't seen such grumpiness since...Belarus.
The city is polluted. Unlike the organized Austrians, the Serbs hardly seem ready to conquer the Balkans. They are struggling just to survive. They're selling off their industries and trying to repair the damage. The young can't leave because nobody wants Serbs.
September 13, 2004
2010 UPDATE: To learn more, listen to my interview with a Serbian in my WanderLearn Podcast.
No, this isn't some politically incorrect email about how stupid Slovakians are. I would never generalize about a people in such a mean and rotten way. Besides, I left all the stupid people behind in Poland.
OK, no more Polish jokes. Promise.
This tale is about MY FIVE stupidities (and my Mr. Magoo Lucky Factor that partly made up for them).
I had told the attendant at the bus terminal in Krakow, Poland that I wanted to go as close as possible to the High Tatras in Slovakia. As usual, the person who sells the tickets at this international city didn't speak a foreign language.
I hoped I got my message through by saying "Tatras" and "Slovakia" a few times, but when I got off the bus I really wasn't sure where I was.
Magoo Factor: I turned up in the right place.
You're not supposed to camp in the Tatras, but it's easy to do if you follow these steps:
1) Get way off the trail: I cut across a tough mountain range to enter an enormous zone without any trails.
2) Sleep at sunset: In my case, I was stuck way above the tree line after having scrambled to a craggy peak. The only place to camp was in a small cave on uneven rocks.
3) Wake up at dawn: That's when my troubles started.
I woke up and was surprised by what a sharp grade I climbed. (I spent 20% of my 3 days in the Tatras using my hands to get around. Getting off the trail doesn't help.)
I wanted to film the spectacular view and the tough grade.
"I would hate to slip here and fall down. It's a long way down...." I thought as I reached for my camcorder in my pocket.
Somehow the camcorder took on a life of its own and jumped out of my hands as I stood over the cliff.
In slow motion I said, "Noooooooooo....."
It crashed on the first rock and bounced high and then down to the next rock, and the next, and the next....
I watched it do somersaults, back flips, and a half twists with corner pike all the way down the mountain.
It was quite spectacular. I was so impressed I almost cried. OK, maybe I was crying for other reasons....
Magoo Factor: After tumbling 15 meters/yards, the Sony camcorder did not shatter. Although the video no longer works, the digital camera still works! I couldn't believe it!
I was despondently stuffing my sleeping bag and thinking, "OK, I gotta put this in a place that's pretty secure because everything here is at an incline. This looks good over here...."
It stayed there. For about 2 seconds. And then it also took a life of its own. And rolled away. All the way down the hill.
Because of its loft, it bounced MUCH farther than the camcorder.
To give you an idea how far it fell, it took me 20 minutes to retrieve it and come back.
Magoo Factor: Despite the sharp rocks and the incredibly long fall, the stuff sack only got a minor tear.
With two unnecessary trips down the mountain to retrieve my crap, I was no longer a happy camper. I was putting away my glass jar of peanut butter and it also leaped out of my hands. Fortunately, it didn't roll down the hill, but it did shatter.
Lamenting my precious peanut butter and my woes, I sat down and decided to eat it anyway. After all, I hate seeing good food go to waste.
As I was eating it I thought that maybe this wasn't such a bright idea. After all, there could be shards of glass in the peanut butter.
"Nah...." I thought and carefully worked around the glass as I spread it on my bread.
I was chomping away when suddenly I heard a "CRUNCH!"
That wasn't the sound of a little peanut being broken in my mouth. That was glass.
I spit what I thought was the bad portion and swallowed the rest. Hey, I was hungry.
Magoo Factor: I felt very minor pain (I think it was psychological) for about 5 minutes afterwards. Otherwise, no internal bleeding. The glass tasted good! Just like peanut butter!
That night I was again stuck above the tree line when the sun set. I found two big rocks and set up my tarp just in case it rained. On cue, the moment I got under the tarp the sky lit up and thunder roared.
That was a lonely night on top of another craggy outcropping. The lightning storm just added a bit of drama.
The next day when I changing from pants to shorts, I didn't transfer my cell phone belt clip. I left it behind. Idiot.
Magoo Factor: A few days later I went to a store to buy a new belt clip. The store clerk said he didn't have just a belt clip, but he gave me a complete holster for free. "It's a gift from Slovakia," he said.
Despite my misfortunes, I adored the Tatras. I have never experienced such an amazing backpacking in my life. They brought back many memories:
The trails were insane. They've managed to blur the line between backpacking and rock climbing.
Many trails required you to use a long metal chain to go up or down the mountain. Lose your grip and you're history.
Bring gloves if you hike here. The cold metal numbs your hands. Which is the last thing you need to have happen when your life depends on your grip. At least once person dies in the Tatras every week.
I was dangling off one of those chains late in the freezing evening when nobody was around (after 6PM everyone is in the huts). I thought, "If my mom knew how close I am to dying she would kill me."
In Belarus I wished for more toilet paper, but in Slovakia I wish there were less... on the trail. This is the only stupidity I found Slovakians doing.
I asked a Slovakian why is there so much toilet paper on the trails. She blamed the "tourists."
"OK, this is a national park lady, we're all tourists," I told her, "So can you be more specific? Why don't they pack it out?"
She blamed the tourists from the neighboring countries. She added, 90% of the people here are from Czech Republic, not Slovakia.
An 18 year old man said the Slovakians are also to blame. Having visited their small local parks and seeing TP everywhere, this guy may be right: this is also a Slovakian tradition.
The stupidest thing I saw was this outhouse near the summit of a mountain. It did not contain the waste, but just let it all fall down the steep mountain gully. With a little rain all the toilet paper and shit just roll down the mountain into the pristine water below. Brilliant.
Pity, because it is a perfect place otherwise. They call it the biggest little mountains in Europe. They're only 7,500 feet high (about 2500 meters), but they look and feel much higher. I just wish the territory were a bit bigger. You can see almost everything with three days of vigorous backpacking.
Pit stop in Trencin, Slovakia
I took a day trip to a cute little town on the way to Brastislava that has a castle a hill.
It was a cute town on my way to....
Another well-preserved old town in Eastern Europe. I'm surprised I'm not sick of them yet.
Although Bratislava was wonderful, the highlight of Slovakia was the High Tatras. See them when you go to Krakow, Poland. It's about 2-3 hours away. But don't go to the Polish side of the Tatras. Most believe the Slovakian side is the best.
August 17, 2004
I slipped but managed to cling desperately to the snow covered rock. I arched my neck to look down below me and there was a 100 yard/meter drop. There is no way I could survive such a fall. I craned my neck up and the nearly vertical wall continued on several many more meters.
"How did I get myself into such a position?" I wondered.
Slovenia is a dinky country between Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia. Of course to us geographically ignorant Americans that means nothing, so all you gotta know is that it's in Europe somewhere.
As I left Austria I marveled at the mountainous countryside. It's hard to stop me from reading, but the views from the trains forced me to pay attention.
I went straight to the town of Bled. All the hostels were full, so I slept with some dead roommates in a cemetery.
I didn't think much of it, but perhaps this was a little foreshadowing....
It was pouring rain when I started walking up at 11AM. It was snowing on top. I got to a hut and asked the ranger about going to the summit of Mt. Triglav. The conversation reminded me of when I asked a ranger in the High Tatras of Slovenia if I could cut across the mountains and go off the trail.
He said, "Not without a guide. You'll never make it."
"But have you considered the fact that I'm wearing tennis shoes, have no map, no compass, and I'm sporting all cotton clothing?"
He strained a fake smile.
But I did it anyway and survived. OK, so I dropped many valuable items in the process, but I didn't drop.
But I was on the brink of dropping myself a long way down when I clung onto a cold piece of rebarb on Mt. Triglav in Slovenia.
My hands were so cold that they burned in pain. Since every step was a slow arduous process up the wall, my feet were also cold (which is rare).
Without a map, I just woke up at 5AM and took the most direct route up the mountain. It's an impressive peak even though it's only 2864m/9394ft high. I found some spectacular pictures of Mt. Triglav (and the magical town of Bled with its church on an island and its fairytale castle on a hill).
As I marched up the mountain I wondered why I didn't see any other tracks in the snow. Then I understood why. The path led to a near vertical wall, complete with rebar, cables, and plenty of snow.
The problem was that the metal handholds were not evenly spaced out. There are stretches where you have to use your bare hands to grip the sharp rock. As a result, my hands were not only cold, but they were getting cut and scrapped. I saw blotches of red snow behind and below me and I realized it came from the blood dripping from my hands.
This climb would be tough without snow, but after the recent snow fall, I found myself in a precarious situation. I don't think I have ever been so scared in my life. If you don't count my previous night in the cemetery, I've never been so close to death.
I remembered what my Lonely Planet guidebook said about the Julian Alps. "Above 1500 meters you can encounter winter conditions anytime."
I was over 2,500 meters.
And then my favorite part: "Never EVER try to trek alone."
Feeling quite lonely midway up the wall, I suddenly heard a helicopter.
"Oh good, they're coming to save me."
I wanted to take a picture but I was too busy hugging the rock.
Instead the helicopter landed by the hut nearby, probably to drop off supplies and pick up the bodies of yesterday's failed hikers.
I eventually made it up the wall and ran into a pair of hikers at the pass who had taken a different approach trail. Together we climbed the last 100 meters, which was hard, but not ridiculous. They couldn't believe I was in sneakers. We took the easier way down, which allowed us to see the wall I climbed. Nobody else had followed my tracks.
I told my fellow hiker, "I gotta take a picture of the wall I climbed."
"Yeah," he said, "your friends back home will never believe you."
Even the easy way down was still pretty gnarly. I passed climbers on their way up. I eventually I found my favorite Slovenian. He had a rock climbing helmet, sturdy boots, gloves, and a twisted look on his face.
He shouted something to me in Slovene and I said, "Sorry I don't understand."
He pointed at the white powder at my feet, "SNOW!"
I nodded.
He vigorously pointed at my snow covered sneakers, "SHOES!!"
I nodded.
Then he put the two together to form his complex sentence: "You IDIOT!!!"
And then walked by me.
Yes, it was a memorable moment during my Eastern European adventure.
My Lonely Planet guidebook puts Slovenia's Skocjan Caves in the Top 10 Attractions in Eastern Europe. It's also listed on UNESCO's elite list. So I had go.
It wasn't easy getting there. For starters, I had to cross the country.
OK, so that's not a big deal when it's only 100 miles from end to end, but still.
It was an eerie feeling when I was the only guy to get off the bus. Although it's nice to not to be free of tourists, when I completely alone I start to wonder. I soon learned why I was the only idiot using the bus: I ended up walking an hour in the hot sun to get to these stupid caves.
"This better be good."
They did not disappoint. I was amazed, especially with the 130 meter/yard deep canyon. It's the biggest underground canyon in the world.
It was illegal to take pictures, but there is a fantastic virtual tour. Just click on the numbers below to walk through. Of course, it's not the same as being there, but it's cheaper.
I befriended three Spanish folks from Barcelona (a couple and a guy). They offered to take me back with them. It would be a 2 hour drive back to the capital, Ljubjana (which means "beloved").
We stopped at a dramatic castle that is embedded into a massive cave entrance.
For the first time in Eastern Europe, I found people that most people spoke English. The guidebook said that Slovenia was a nation of polyglots, and they're right. I had gotten used to having to ask 10 people to find one English speaker. Here I had to ask 10 people to find one person who did NOT speak any English.
Thank god because Slovene is a tricky language. It's grammatically complex with lots of cases, genders, and tenses and has something that is very rare in linguistics: singular, dual, and plural forms.
For example, it's one "miza" (table), two "mizi", and three or more "mize."
Jesus.
And I thought knowing that "foot" becomes "feet" was tough.
I'll leave you with a quick history of this cool little country:
Today they're doing better the rest of the former Yugoslavia.
And today I am doing better now that I am on level ground.
I will stay away from the mountains. At least until I get to Transylvania....
September 3, 2004
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